Linux问题记录

Sunmy Lv5
  2023-07-30 16:56:57 2023-07-30 16:56:57 创建   2025-06-29 21:05:24 2025-06-29 21:05:24 更新      3.7k 字  18 分钟  

linux常用命令行

https://static001.geekbang.org/resource/image/88/e5/8855bb645d8ecc35c80aa89cde5d16e5.jpg?wh=3431*2125

更改ip配置

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# 打开配置文件
vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33
# 修改配置
BOOTPROTO="static"
ONBOOT="yes"
IPADDR=192.168.58.135
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.58.2
DNS1=192.168.58.2
# 重启服务
systemctl restart network

创建用户

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[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# adduser admin
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# passwd admin
Changing password for user admin.
New password: 
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password: 
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
# 添加到wheel组，使其具备sudo权限
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# usermod -aG wheel admin
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# su admin
[admin@VM-8-17-centos root]$ cd ~
[admin@VM-8-17-centos ~]$ pwd
/home/admin
[admin@VM-8-17-centos ~]$

修改系统名称

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[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname centos8
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# hostname
hostname
centos8
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]#

放开指定端口

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[root@VM-24-11-centos ~]# firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=5212/tcp --permanent
success
[root@VM-24-11-centos ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
[root@VM-24-11-centos ~]# firewall-cmd --query-port=5212/tcp
yes
[root@VM-24-11-centos ~]# systemctl stop firewalld.service
[root@VM-24-11-centos ~]# systemctl start firewalld.service
[root@VM-24-11-centos ~]# systemctl status firewalld.service
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-11-28 17:09:13 CST; 6h ago
     Docs: man:firewalld(1)
 Main PID: 242811 (firewalld)
    Tasks: 3 (limit: 23995)
   Memory: 40.4M
   CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service
           └─242811 /usr/libexec/platform-python -s /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid

Nov 28 17:09:10 VM-24-11-centos systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Nov 28 17:09:13 VM-24-11-centos systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
Nov 28 17:09:13 VM-24-11-centos firewalld[242811]: WARNING: AllowZoneDrifting is enabled. This is considered an insecure configuration option. It wil>
Nov 28 17:09:14 VM-24-11-centos firewalld[242811]: WARNING: COMMAND_FAILED: '/usr/sbin/iptables -w10 -D FORWARD -i docker0 -o docker0 -j DROP' failed>
Nov 28 17:09:15 VM-24-11-centos firewalld[242811]: WARNING: COMMAND_FAILED: '/usr/sbin/iptables -w10 -D FORWARD -i docker0 -o docker0 -j DROP' failed>
Nov 28 23:05:37 VM-24-11-centos firewalld[242811]: WARNING: AllowZoneDrifting is enabled. This is considered an insecure configuration option. It wil>
Nov 28 23:05:38 VM-24-11-centos firewalld[242811]: WARNING: COMMAND_FAILED: '/usr/sbin/iptables -w10 -D FORWARD -i docker0 -o docker0 -j DROP' failed>
Nov 28 23:05:38 VM-24-11-centos firewalld[242811]: WARNING: COMMAND_FAILED: '/usr/sbin/iptables -w10 -D FORWARD -i docker0 -o docker0 -j DROP' failed>
lines 1-18/18 (END)

程序后台运行命令

使用nohup命令，意思是 no hang up（不挂起），也就是说，当前交互命令行退出的时候，程序还要在。当然这个时候，程序不能霸占交互命令行，而是应该在后台运行。最后加一个 &，就表示后台运行。另外一个要处理的就是输出，原来什么都打印在交互命令行里，现在在后台运行了，输出到文件。

后台方式

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nohup command>out.file 2>&1 &

“1”表示文件描述符 1，表示标准输出，
“2”表示文件描述符 2，意思是标准错误输出，
“2>&1”表示标准输出和错误输出合并到 out.file 里。


# 那这个进程如何关闭呢？我们假设启动的程序包含某个关键字，那就可以使用下面的命令
ps -ef |grep 关键字  |awk '{print $2}'|xargs kill -9

ps -ef 可以单独执行，列出所有正在运行的程序，
grep 上面我们介绍过了，通过关键字找到咱们刚才启动的程序。
awk '{print $2}'是指第二列的内容，是运行的程序 ID。
通过 xargs 传递给 kill -9，也就是发给这个运行的程序一个信号，让它关闭。
如果你已经知道运行的程序 ID，可以直接使用 kill 关闭运行的程序。

服务方式

Ubuntu 中，我们可以通过
apt-get install mysql-server 的方式安装 MySQL，
然后通过命令systemctl start mysql启动 MySQL，
通过systemctl enable mysql设置开机启动。
之所以成为服务并且能够开机启动，是因为在 /lib/systemd/system 目录下会创建一个 XXX.service 的配置文件，里面定义了如何启动、如何关闭。

在 CentOS 里有些特殊，MySQL 被 Oracle 收购后，因为担心授权问题，改为使用 MariaDB，它是 MySQL 的一个分支。通过命令
yum install mariadb-server mariadb进行安装，
命令systemctl start mariadb启动，
命令systemctl enable mariadb设置开机启动。
同理，会在 /usr/lib/systemd/system 目录下，创建一个 XXX.service 的配置文件，从而成为一个服务。

升级python3

https://www.bilibili.com/read/cv15970563/

  1. 查看已安装Python版本
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python -V
  1. 将python3上传到服务器并解压
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wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.8/Python-3.10.8.tgz
tar -zxvf Python-3.10.8.tgz
  1. 进入Python3目录
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cd Python-3.10.8
  1. 安装依赖
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yum groupinstall -y "Development tools"
yum install -y openssl-devel bzip2-devel expat-devel gdbm-devel readline-devel sqlite-devel psmisc libffi-devel
  1. 预编译，设置安装目录
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# 查看openssl版本，及位置，供下面命令使用
$ openssl version
OpenSSL 1.1.1k  FIPS 25 Mar 2021
$ which openssl
/usr/bin/openssl
$ whereis openssl
openssl: /usr/bin/openssl /usr/include/openssl /usr/share/man/man1/openssl.1ssl.gz

# 为/usr/local/python3。安装目录可以自定义
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python3 --enable-optimizations --with-ssl
# 编译。因为CPU4核，所以设置-j4加快编译速度
make -j4
# 编译安装
make install -j4
  1. 删除旧版本的python3链接
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mv /usr/bin/python3 /tmp/
mv /usr/bin/pip3 /tmp/
  1. 建立新的链接
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ln -s /usr/local/python3/bin/python3.10 /usr/bin/python3
ln -s /usr/local/python3/bin/pip3 /usr/bin/pip3
  1. 查看是否安装成功
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python3 -V
pip3 -V
pip3 list
  1. 加入系统环境
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vi /etc/profile

export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/python3/bin

source /etc/profile
  1. pip install 出现错误的解决方法
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[root@node1 Python-3.10.7]# pip3 install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/  pip -U --trusted-host pypi.douban.com
Looking in indexes: http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
Requirement already satisfied: pip in /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.10/site-packages (22.2.2)
Collecting pip
  Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/07/51/2c0959c5adf988c44d9e1e0d940f5b074516ecc87e96b1af25f59de9ba38/pip-23.0.1-py3-none-any.whl (2.1 MB)
     ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 2.1/2.1 MB 4.7 MB/s eta 0:00:00
Installing collected packages: pip
  Attempting uninstall: pip
    Found existing installation: pip 22.2.2
    Uninstalling pip-22.2.2:
      Successfully uninstalled pip-22.2.2
Successfully installed pip-23.0.1
WARNING: Running pip as the 'root' user can result in broken permissions and conflicting behaviour with the system package manager. It is recommended to use a virtual environment instead: https://pip.pypa.io/warnings/venv
[root@node1 Python-3.10.7]#

openssl解决方法

https://www.cnblogs.com/chengfo/p/16289666.html

  1. 下载
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wget https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.1.1s.tar.gz
  1. 解压并切换目录
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tar -zxvf openssl-1.1.1.tar.gz
cd openssl-1.1.1
  1. 设定Openssl 安装，( --prefix )参数为欲安装之目录，也就是安装后的档案会出现在该目录下
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./config --prefix=/usr/local/bin/openssl
  1. 执行命令
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./config -t
  1. 执行make、make install，编译Openssl
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make & make install

P.S. 若CentOS7中没有GCC编译器，执行命令 yum -y install gcc 安装GCC。

  1. 切换openssl版本
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mv /usr/bin/openssl /usr/bin/openssl.bak
mv /usr/include/openssl /usr/include/openssl.bak


ln -s /usr/local/openssl/bin/openssl /usr/bin/openssl
ln -s /usr/local/openssl/include/openssl /usr/include/openssl

echo "/usr/local/openssl/lib" >> /etc/ld.so.conf

ldconfig -v

ln -s /usr/local/openssl/lib/libssl.so.1.1 /usr/lib64/libssl.so.1.1
ln -s /usr/local/openssl/lib/libcrypto.so.1.1 /usr/lib64/libcrypto.so.1.1
注意：不能直接删除软链接

如需使用新版本开发，则需替换原来的软链接指向，即替换原动态库，进行版本升级。

替换/lib(lib64)和/usr/lib(lib64)和/usr/local/lib(lib64)存在的相应动态库：

ln -sf /usr/local/openssl/lib/libssl.so.1.1 /usr/lib64/libssl.so
ln -sf /usr/local/openssl/lib/libcrypto.so.1.1 /usr/lib64/libcrypto.so

使配置生效
ldconfig

如何让普通用户具有sudo权限

方法1 修改配置文件

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# 1. 进入root用户
su root 
# 2. 进入etc目录
cd /etc/
# 3. vim sudoers找到 root ALL=(ALL) ALL
vim sudoers
# 4. 在 root ALL=(ALL) ALL 后面加上一行 user_name(要添加的普通用户名) ALL=(ALL) ALL
user_name ALL=(ALL) ALL
# 5. 保存退出
:wq
  • 第一个 ALL 指示允许从任何终端、机器访问 sudo
  • 第二个 (ALL) 指示 sudo 命令被允许以任何用户身份执行
  • 第三个 ALL表示所有命令都可以作为 root 执行

方法2 修改用户组

  • 在sudoers中看到 %wheel ALL=（ALL）ALL； 所以我们到 /etc/group中修改组成员。也可实现给用户 增加 sudo权限。
  1. 使用命令加入组成员
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usermod -aG wheel your_user_name
  1. 修改配置文件
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vim /etc/group
# 在wheel组的后面的成员列表里面添加进想要添加的用户名：wheel：x:10:root,yourusername

如何让普通用户输入sudo命令后避免输入密码验证

将组成员权限修改

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## Same thing without a password
%wheel  ALL=(ALL)   NOPASSWD: ALL

更改pip源

创建pip.conf配置文件

在用户根目录(，而非系统根目录 / )下添加配置/.pip/pip.conf目录添加可信源，如果目录文件不存在，可直接创建。

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mkdir ~/.pip   #创建文件夹

cd ~/.pip        #进入目录
vim pip.conf        #编辑配置文件

替换阿里镜像源(或其他镜像源)

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[global]
trusted-host = mirrors.aliyun.com
index-url = https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple

[install]
trusted-host=mirrors.aliyun.com
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[root@centos7 .pip]# cat ~/.pip/pip.conf.bak 
[global]
index-url = http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/pypi/simple
trusted-host = mirrors.tencentyun.com
[root@centos7 .pip]#

vim 默认配置

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# centos
[root@centos7 c]# vim /etc/vimrc
# ubuntu
[root@ubunut c]# vim /etc/vim/vimrc
# 将以下内容追加到配置文件中
set nocompatible
set nu
set ic
set hlsearch
set encoding=utf-8
set fileencodings=utf-8,ucs-bom,GB2312,big5
set autoindent
set smartindent
set scrolloff=2
set showmatch
set shiftwidth=4
set tabstop=4
set showmatch
set cursorline
set autoread
syntax on

更改ip配置

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# 打开配置文件
vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33

# 修改配置
BOOTPROTO="static"
ONBOOT="yes"
IPADDR=192.168.58.135
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.58.2
DNS1=192.168.58.2

# 重启服务
systemctl restart network

yum镜像修改

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1. 首先备份/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.backup

2. 从下方镜像源列表选择要使用的镜像源
vim /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo

3. 运行以下命令生成缓存
yum clean all
yum makecache
yum update

网易源

http://mirrors.163.com/.help/centos.html

CentOS7-Base-163.repo

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# CentOS-Base.repo
#
# The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and
# geographically close to the client.  You should use this for CentOS updates
# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.
#
# If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the 
# remarked out baseurl= line instead.
#
#
[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base - 163.com
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os
baseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#released updates
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates - 163.com
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates
baseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras - 163.com
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras
baseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus - 163.com
baseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

清华源

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#CentOS-Base.repo
#
# The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and
# geographically close to the client.  You should use this for CentOS updates
# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.
#
# If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the
# remarked out baseurl= line instead.
#
#

[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#released updates
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

阿里源

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# CentOS-Base.repo
#
# The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and
# geographically close to the client.  You should use this for CentOS updates
# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.
#
# If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the 
# remarked out baseurl= line instead.
#
#
 
[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base - mirrors.aliyun.com
failovermethod=priority
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
        http://mirrors.aliyuncs.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
        http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
 
#released updates 
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates - mirrors.aliyun.com
failovermethod=priority
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
        http://mirrors.aliyuncs.com/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
        http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
 
#additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras - mirrors.aliyun.com
failovermethod=priority
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
        http://mirrors.aliyuncs.com/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
        http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
 
#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus - mirrors.aliyun.com
failovermethod=priority
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
        http://mirrors.aliyuncs.com/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
        http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
 
#contrib - packages by Centos Users
[contrib]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Contrib - mirrors.aliyun.com
failovermethod=priority
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/contrib/$basearch/
        http://mirrors.aliyuncs.com/centos/$releasever/contrib/$basearch/
        http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/centos/$releasever/contrib/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

一键更换国内源

https://github.com/SuperManito/LinuxMirrors

下载安装

1
bash <(curl -sSL https://gitee.com/SuperManito/LinuxMirrors/raw/main/ChangeMirrors.sh)

使用方法

  1. 完整复制上面的命令到终端按回车键即可执行，若无法安装 curl 软件包可复制源码到本地后手动执行
  2. 为了适配所有环境，建议使用 Root 用户执行脚本，切换命令为 sudo -i ，如遇报错请查看常见问题与帮助
  3. 如果您使用的环境没有安装或不支持简体中文环境，请通过 SSH客户端工具 使用，否则将无法正确选择交互内容
  4. 执行脚本过程中会自动备份原有源无需手动备份，期间会在终端输出多个主观选择交互内容，可按回车键快速确定
  5. 脚本支持在原有源配置错误或者不存在的情况下使用，并且可以重复使用；脚本变更的软件源默认使用 HTTP 协议

脚本执行流程

  1. 选择国内源 交互

    • 检测如果是 RHEL或CentOS 系统选择是否安装/覆盖 EPEL 扩展国内源 交互

  2. 选择软件源使用的 WEB 协议 交互

  3. 检测 防火墙 和 SELINUX 如果开启并且系统是 RHEL或CentOS 选择是否关闭 交互

  4. 备份原有源

    • 检测如果存在重复的备份文件选择是否覆盖 交互

  5. 更换国内源

  6. 选择是否更新软件包 交互

    • 选择是否清理已下载的软件包缓存 交互

Ubuntu默认禁止root用户登录，禁止SSH连接

  1. 修改/etc/ssh/sshd_config文件
  2. 将 #PermitRootLogin prohibit-password 修改为：PermitRootLogin yes
  3. 将 #PasswordAuthentication yes 修改为：PasswordAuthentication yes
1
2
sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo service ssh restart
  • 标题: Linux问题记录
  • 作者: Sunmy
  • 创建于 : 2023-07-30 16:56:57
  • 更新于 : 2025-06-29 21:05:24
  • 链接: https://ldspdvsun.github.io/cmchvp8fq000gh0gbaxz3a186/
  • 版权声明: 版权所有 © Sunmy，禁止转载。
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目录
Linux问题记录
  1. linux常用命令行
  2. 更改ip配置
  3. 创建用户
    1. 修改系统名称
    2. 放开指定端口
    3. 程序后台运行命令
      1. 后台方式
      2. 服务方式
    4. 升级python3
      1. openssl解决方法
    5. 如何让普通用户具有sudo权限
      1. 方法1 修改配置文件
      2. 方法2 修改用户组
      3. 如何让普通用户输入sudo命令后避免输入密码验证
    6. 更改pip源
    7. vim 默认配置
    8. 更改ip配置
    9. yum镜像修改
      1. 网易源
      2. 清华源
      3. 阿里源
    10. 一键更换国内源
      1. 下载安装
      2. 使用方法
      3. 脚本执行流程
    11. Ubuntu默认禁止root用户登录，禁止SSH连接